Studies that show how corrupt police departments are, and whether or not they're more likely to lead to higher violence in the communities they claim to protect, are extremely hard to find, if they exist, and a lot of the data may be unreliable. One study on law enforcement officers arrested, which doesn't focus on whether or not police corruption contributes to higher violence in their cities, says "Surprisingly little is known about the crimes committed by law enforcement officers, in part because there are virtually no official nationwide data collected, .... or available for research analyses."
Another investigation led to the release of "a list of nearly 12,000 cops and applicants who’d been found guilty of all categories of offenses, ranging from disorderly conduct to sexual assault to manslaughter." Instead of trying to reform the police, the establishment responded by trying to covering it up and implying those exposing it may have committed a crime, saying "The list came from the California Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training, or POST. In response, California’s top law enforcement officer threatened to take legal action against the reporters if the list wasn’t destroyed. Attorney General Xavier Becerra said it had been released by accident, and he asserted that merely possessing a copy was illegal."
This means that, not only are they avoiding collecting information that could help researchers of police corruption, but they often pass laws to make it illegal to disclose some of the best research information they do have. This means that regardless of how much evidence good researchers have about police corruption, it's almost certainly even worse, perhaps much worse.
However, even without cooperation from many of the most powerful institutions, many researchers have been able to put together a significant amount of information about police corruption, and there's good reason to believe that it's worse in some of the poorest and most violent cities in America. Several organizations have made lists of what they consider the most corrupt police forces, including BET which lists 7 of the Most Corrupt Police Cities in History 01/25/2020; one of these is in Mexico, and little information is available about it; but, the other six are all from the USA and they're all above the national average murder rate, with four of them at least three times the average murder rate. Another one covers the 15 Most Corrupt Cities in America, including corruption from other city officials, in addition to the police, and all of them are also have above average murder rates with ten of them more than triple the national average, one more more than double and another two almost double.
If you look through enough of the highest profile stories about police corruption and check to see if they're in cities with high rates of violence, you'll find that almost all of them are, one collection of stories going back several is Marshall Project latest stories on police corruption, and except for a few stories about corruption in Honolulu and a couple more in small towns few have heard of, they're all in very violent cities, often the ones listed above as the most corrupt cities. Another way to cross check this conclusion is to search for police corruption in less violent cities, like El Paso or Sand Diego, etc., and there's no doubt you'll find corruption there as well, but there doesn't seem to be nearly as many stories about it as in more violent cities. On article that turns up in a search for San Diego police corruption is Dozens of Police Officers Across San Diego County Have Been Convicted of Crimes 11/11/2020, which certainly sounds bad, and is bad; however the article refers to a list of nearly 12,000 cops that were found guilty of crimes. If San Diego had there share based on population, then it would be close to 1,000 police officers convicted of crimes, implying the rest of California is even worse.
If you look at the current murder rates for New York, which is historically considered one of the most corrupt police forces in history, this may seem to be an exception, since they're among the lowest murder rates for big cities in the country; however, consideration of the size and history of it may explain this. Some of NYPD's worst corruption took place before at least two major reform movements, on led by the Knapp Commission, in the early 1970s, and the Mollen Commission, in the early 1990s; it wasn't until after the second one when their murder rates began a steady decline that continued over twenty-five years, before this New York was one of the most violent cities in the country. If you figure the average murder rate for 2002-2016 it's 5.81, which is still above average.
It's only the past eight years that it finally went below average. Also, it's the biggest city in the country so many parts of it, often the poorest are still much higher than average, and that's almost certainly where the most corruption is. The first investigation was headed by Whitman Knapp, a Wall Street lawyer, who was presumably concerned with how epidemic levels of police corruption impacted Wall Street profits. It is widely recognized among the best researchers that those with the least amount of political power are most likely to be targeted by corrupt police. When corruption impacts Wall Street profits the political establishment is much more likely to act. These good researchers also know the most effective solutions to this problem; unfortunately their work is often only distributed in the academic community or on alternative media outlets including Rachel Kleinfeld who describes some of the most effective solutions ignored by traditional media in the following article:
These Countries Reformed Their Brutal, Biased Police. The U.S. Can, Too. 07/02/2020
In Bogotá, the moment for long overdue reforms finally came after police raped and murdered a nine-year-old girl at a police station. In Monterrey, Mexico, it arrived years after locals began calling officers polizetas—a mash-up of policía and Los Zetas, the violent drug cartel with whom they often colluded. In the United States, the moment may have come after the brutal killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police.
The United States is far from the only country where police brutality, corruption, or biased treatment of parts of the population have driven demands for reform. Success, however, has been rare—not because reformers don’t know what policies to implement, but because the required reforms were blocked or didn’t stick. To increase the odds of successful police reform, U.S. activists and reformers would be wise to look at lessons from countries and communities where changes succeeded and stuck.
Luckily, what works for fair and effective policing is well known. Decades of research confirm that trust between law enforcement and communities is essential, because controlling crime requires community help. In the United States and Britain, for instance, the vast majority of the crimes that people fear the most, such as homicide and rape, required public tips to solve. Building trust, however, is based less on bringing down crime (the metric many police monitor) than on treating people with respect and fairness. Trust is enhanced by recruiting a force that resembles the community it serves (although sadly, diversity doesn’t necessarily reduce police violence). Finally, hiring more women in law enforcement—a strategy Peru used to break perceptions of widespread corruption—results in more trust and less use of force.
Once officers have gained a community’s trust, they can use public tips to implement policies proven to drastically reduce crime, such as targeting hot spots (the small number of places where most violence happens), and focusing deterrence on the tiny percentage of people responsible for the vast majority of violent crime to prevent them from resorting to violence. Executing both strategies with respect and fairness is, needless to say, essential to their effectiveness.
The problem is getting police—and political leaders—to make these changes and make them stick. In the past few weeks, the United States has taken the first steps. Politicians are on notice from the vocal, voting middle class. That step is crucial—even in Venezuela, one of the world’s most violent countries, it is the most marginalized communities with the least political power that bear the brunt of overly violent and underresponsive policing. In every democracy where systemic police abuse has been tackled, change usually began when the broader public started to care. As a result of this pressure, the U.S. House of Representatives has passed a police reform bill; various U.S. states and communities are making changes as well.
........
One reason for the more extreme strategy of mass firing is that it can be among the few ways for reform-minded politicians to disband police unions that, in their quest for workers’ rights, prevent corrupt and abusive agents from being fired. Unions play an awkward role: While they are essential for democracy, in the area of law enforcement they are often obstacles to policies that enable cultural change—such as promoting best performers or putting new recruits at the cutting edge of reform so that they are immediately acculturated to where the organization wants to go.
The key to accountability is for policymakers grappling with reform to be independent from the police themselves and from ongoing political pressure. The most committed politicians prevent slippage by ensuring that their own fortunes rise and fall with the success of police reform. In Bogotá, former Mayor Antanas Mockus ran on a platform of creating a more civil, less criminal police. He demanded daily briefings from the police force and experimented with policies from mass firing to hiring mimes to regulate traffic. In Medellín, Colombia, former Mayor Sergio Fajardo required police statistics to be maintained by an independent agency and made public monthly. Such pressure kept the reform agenda front and center.
Growing crime, however, can undermine the ability of even the most reform-minded politicians to hold the line. Often, police and politicians erroneously view efforts to improve the treatment of citizens as inherently at odds with police effectiveness. Increased crime leads to public clamor for “toughness”—and tough-on-crime policies nearly always offer greater impunity for the use of force by police. Despite actually causing crime to increase, these tough-sounding policies are election winners in nearly every democracy. If crime rises, reform will backslide, even if reform is the best way to bring crime back down. While labor unions are essential for democracy, in the area of law enforcement they are often obstacles to policies that enable cultural change. Complete article
In Bogotá, the moment for long overdue reforms finally came after police raped and murdered a nine-year-old girl at a police station. In Monterrey, Mexico, it arrived years after locals began calling officers polizetas—a mash-up of policía and Los Zetas, the violent drug cartel with whom they often colluded. In the United States, the moment may have come after the brutal killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police.
The United States is far from the only country where police brutality, corruption, or biased treatment of parts of the population have driven demands for reform. Success, however, has been rare—not because reformers don’t know what policies to implement, but because the required reforms were blocked or didn’t stick. To increase the odds of successful police reform, U.S. activists and reformers would be wise to look at lessons from countries and communities where changes succeeded and stuck.
Luckily, what works for fair and effective policing is well known. Decades of research confirm that trust between law enforcement and communities is essential, because controlling crime requires community help. In the United States and Britain, for instance, the vast majority of the crimes that people fear the most, such as homicide and rape, required public tips to solve. Building trust, however, is based less on bringing down crime (the metric many police monitor) than on treating people with respect and fairness. Trust is enhanced by recruiting a force that resembles the community it serves (although sadly, diversity doesn’t necessarily reduce police violence). Finally, hiring more women in law enforcement—a strategy Peru used to break perceptions of widespread corruption—results in more trust and less use of force.
Once officers have gained a community’s trust, they can use public tips to implement policies proven to drastically reduce crime, such as targeting hot spots (the small number of places where most violence happens), and focusing deterrence on the tiny percentage of people responsible for the vast majority of violent crime to prevent them from resorting to violence. Executing both strategies with respect and fairness is, needless to say, essential to their effectiveness.
The problem is getting police—and political leaders—to make these changes and make them stick. In the past few weeks, the United States has taken the first steps. Politicians are on notice from the vocal, voting middle class. That step is crucial—even in Venezuela, one of the world’s most violent countries, it is the most marginalized communities with the least political power that bear the brunt of overly violent and underresponsive policing. In every democracy where systemic police abuse has been tackled, change usually began when the broader public started to care. As a result of this pressure, the U.S. House of Representatives has passed a police reform bill; various U.S. states and communities are making changes as well.
........
One reason for the more extreme strategy of mass firing is that it can be among the few ways for reform-minded politicians to disband police unions that, in their quest for workers’ rights, prevent corrupt and abusive agents from being fired. Unions play an awkward role: While they are essential for democracy, in the area of law enforcement they are often obstacles to policies that enable cultural change—such as promoting best performers or putting new recruits at the cutting edge of reform so that they are immediately acculturated to where the organization wants to go.
The key to accountability is for policymakers grappling with reform to be independent from the police themselves and from ongoing political pressure. The most committed politicians prevent slippage by ensuring that their own fortunes rise and fall with the success of police reform. In Bogotá, former Mayor Antanas Mockus ran on a platform of creating a more civil, less criminal police. He demanded daily briefings from the police force and experimented with policies from mass firing to hiring mimes to regulate traffic. In Medellín, Colombia, former Mayor Sergio Fajardo required police statistics to be maintained by an independent agency and made public monthly. Such pressure kept the reform agenda front and center.
Growing crime, however, can undermine the ability of even the most reform-minded politicians to hold the line. Often, police and politicians erroneously view efforts to improve the treatment of citizens as inherently at odds with police effectiveness. Increased crime leads to public clamor for “toughness”—and tough-on-crime policies nearly always offer greater impunity for the use of force by police. Despite actually causing crime to increase, these tough-sounding policies are election winners in nearly every democracy. If crime rises, reform will backslide, even if reform is the best way to bring crime back down. While labor unions are essential for democracy, in the area of law enforcement they are often obstacles to policies that enable cultural change. Complete article
In all fairness, the reforms she cites haven't been completely successful, but they have taken major steps in the right direction. A major part of the reason why reforms often don't stick, is because it's the corrupt people in power implementing them, and the media doesn't inform the public about the best research teaching how to stop police corruption. In many cases when they do point out some of the biggest problems, they only report in in a low profile manner then forget about it while deceptive propaganda is often repeated over and over again. This is why tough on crime politics sounds very good to many people, even though it doesn't work and leads to increased impunity for use of excessive force, often even for the wrong people.
One clear indication of the corruption of both the police, and the political establishment is the union contracts they negotiate, usually in secret without the knowledge of the public supposedly being protected by police. When Wall Street corporation negotiate a contract with unions their CEOs and stockholders know what's in it; however, citizens don't know what's in the contracts supposedly negotiated on their behalf, as reported in Police contracts can stand in the way of accountability 07/19/2020, which says:
Collective bargaining agreements for officers provide protections that stand in the way of accountability, even when the federal government is overseeing an agency through a consent decree, experts said. The killing of George Floyd by a Minneapolis officer ignited protests and calls for change, but experts say police contracts threaten to undermine those efforts.
Contracts designed to ensure officers receive fair wages and benefits have spilled over into public policy.
"We're ignoring the purpose of the bargaining rights and we're allowing them to step outside of what they were originally supposed to cover," said Ayesha Bell Hardaway of the Case Western University School of Law.
"When talk about discipline, accountability and use of force protocols, we should not be talking about collective bargaining rights because those terms have no business inside of the contracts in the first place."
When contracts are written in private negotiations, that means little input from communities. ......
“A substantial number of these agreements limit officer interrogations after alleged misconduct, mandate the destruction of disciplinary records, ban civilian oversight, prevent anonymous civilian complaints, indemnify officers in the event of civil suits, and limit the length of internal investigations,” he said.
Few if any citizens would ever agree to ban accountability for the police to the citizens they're supposed to protect, yet politicians who negotiate on their behalf routinely do just that, in secret! Nor do they know that they're being stuck with the tab for hundreds of millions if not well over a billion dollars in lawsuits against the police every year as I went into in Duopoly Is Trying To Indoctrinate The Public Like A Cult including some cases where tax payers are stuck with lawsuits from both the victims of police brutality, and the police that are responsible for it, including Philly’s police misconduct cases drain taxpayer money, which says, "the city paid 26 officers at least $1.2 million in back pay and other payments. In addition, the city has paid nearly $4 million to settle federal lawsuits involving 15 of these officers." I also found examples in Florida where cities were forced to pay both the victims of police brutality in one lawsuit, and for back pay to the police responsible for it, often allowing them to rejoin the force again, possibly leading to more lawsuits.
If these funds were going into education, child care, or other social programs that address the root causes of violence then there would be far less violence in these cities and the police often do more to make it worse than to protect the public. For example in New Book Explores Rise and Fall of America's Most Corrupt Police Force 07/15/2020 Brandon Soderberg says:
"I think the easiest way to put it is that they created crime. By committing crimes themselves, but also because robbing drug dealers leads to violence (people get shot when the count isn't right) and dealing drugs disrupts the underground economy. .... And divesting from law enforcement and giving more money to groups such as Safe Streets and other community-facing efforts would go a long way."
For some reason, the same authors of that article and accompanying book, which does offer some good solutions also argued that Police 'reform' doesn't work. Baltimore proves it. 06/18/2020; however, this isn't quite true, and some of the reforms that they recommend are similar to the ones that Rachel Kleinfeld cited as being partly successful in other countries. There have also been partially successful reforms in New York, Detroit, Camden, NJ, New Orleans, and Richmond California, have all implemented major reforms that have had success in dramatically reducing the rates of violence, although they all still have more work to do. It would be more accurate to say that reforms don't work, when neither the police or the politicians want them to work.
I went into this more in Politicians increase crime; Grass roots efforts reduce crime; Politicians steal the credit which covers Richmond California, which is probably the city with the biggest drop in crime of them all, and it continued to drop since I first wrote this. A major part of the reason for this seems to be that the people educated themselves at the local level, despite lack of media coverage of the most effective research to reduce violence, and rejected establishment politicians that weren't sincere elect Gayle McLaughlin, of the Green Party, Mayor for a while. Due to term limits she wasn't able to stay on, but establishment politicians learned that they would have to adopt more rational programs, based on good research or lose elections to other progressives.
Not only are police and politicians incredibly corrupt, but there should be no doubt that the media is also incredibly corrupt and incompetent! In a functioning Democracy, we need diverse media coverage, at least some of which covers the best research on any given academic subject, including into most effective ways to reduce violence, and hold police accountable; as well as coverage for all candidates running for political office, including those basing their campaigns on good research, not just the ones that collect enormous donations from corporations. In our country over 95% of the media is controlled b y 6 corporation, and they ignore the best research on any given subject so we base decisions on lies and propaganda; they also refuse to cover the most honest candidates, ensuring they can't get the name recognition to be viable, effectively rigging elections for corrupt candidates that don't address the needs of the people.
The following are some additional sources or related articles:
A Study in Contrasts Between Rialto Police and Albuquerque Police 05/25/2014
California police use of body cameras cuts violence and complaints 11/04/2013
Body-worn camera study by Executive Fellow Chief Tony Farrar is published in scientific journal 12/30/2014
A controversial legal doctrine protects cops from misconduct lawsuits. Here's how 'qualified immunity' works. 06/08/2020
'Now Is Not the Time for More Studies': Sanders Rips Weak GOP Bill and Demands End to Police Immunity 06/18/2020
Senate passes sweeping police reform bill, limits qualified immunity protections 07/14/2020
Wikipedia: Qualified immunity
These Are the 15 Most Corrupt Cities in America 03/03/2018 1. Washington, D.C. average murder rate from 2002-16: 27.07; 2. Chicago average murder rate from 2002-16: 17.85; 3. Philadelphia average murder rate from 2002-16: 21.13 4. Baltimore average murder rate from 2002-16: 40.45; 5. Miami average murder rate from 2002-16: 16.67; 6. Houston average from 2002-16: 12.91; 7. NY City average murder rate from 2002-16: 5.81; 8. Detroit average murder rate from 2002-16: 42.98; 9. New Orleans average murder rate from 2002-16: 54.02; 10. Newark average murder rate from 2002-16: 32.39; 11. Richmond Va. average murder rate from 2002-16: 27.64; 12. Los Angeles average murder rate from 2002-16: 9.86; 13. Wichita average murder rate from 2002-16: 6.78; 14. Cleveland average murder rate from 2002-16: 19.84; 15. Las Vegas average murder rate from 2002-16: 8.92;
7 of the Most Corrupt Police Cities in History 01/25/2020 1. NYPD average murder rate from 2002-16: 5.81; 2. Miami average murder rate from 2002-16: 16.67; 3. Chicago average murder rate from 2002-16: 17.85; 4. Los Angeles average murder rate from 2002-16: 9.86; 5. Ahome Mexico; 6. Philadelphia average murder rate from 2002-16: 21.13; 7. Baltimore average murder rate from 2002-16: 40.45;
The Top 5 Most Corrupt U.S. Police Officers Of All-Time 1. Robert Gisevius, Kenneth Bowen, and Anthony Villavaso, New Orleans; 2. Jon Burge, Chicago; 3. David Mack And Rafael Perez, LAPD Rampart division; 4. Joseph Miedzianowski, Chicago; 5. Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa, NYPD;
The Plight of the Police Whistleblower 06/18/2020
10 Most Corrupt Police Force in the World 07/0/2020 1. Kenya; 2. Burma; 3. Iraq; 4. Somalia; 5. Afghanistan; 6. Sudan; 7. Russia; 8. Pakistan; 9. Haiti; 10. Mexico;
6 Corrupt Police Forces That Didn't Even Pretend to Give A F 04/16/2016
Police Integrity Lost: A Study of Law Enforcement Officers Arrested April 2016 Surprisingly little is known about the crimes committed by law enforcement officers, in part because there are virtually no official nationwide data collected, maintained, disseminated, and/or available for research analyses. Researchers have utilized other methodologies to study police misconduct and crime in the absence of any substantive official data, including surveys, field studies, quasi-experiments, internal agency records, and the investigative reports of various independent commissions delegated to report on this phenomenon within particular jurisdictions.
4 US cities among world’s most violent in 2015 01/29/2016
Defund the Police Is a Good Slogan but Bad Policy 06/05/2020 Written by economist, citing two vague studies that don't address other social causes.
USING TERROR ALERT LEVELS TO ESTIMATE THE EFFECT OF POLICE ON CRIME* 02/16/2005 He found that police presence increased in mayoral and gubernatorial election years but not in off-election years.
Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effects of Police on Crime: Reply 07/0/2020
How New Orleans police went from ‘most corrupt’ to model force 02/26/2019
Marshall Project latest stories on police corruption.
Massachusetts detective fired after post supporting Black Lives Matter 07/02/2020
Springfield police fire detective after pro-Black Lives Matter post 07/01/2020 Earlier this spring, the Springfield Police Department, which was struggled with staffing issues, also faced criticism for reinstating five suspended officers who were criminally charged for an off-duty brawl outside a bar. The department also still employs Anthony Bedinelli, a twice-fired officer — whose terminations were both overturned on appeal — who has been the subject of 18 separate internal investigations during his career, including for alleged physical incidents while on and off duty. But as MassLive reported last month, Bedinelli was recently passed over for a promotion.
Whistleblower Stripped Of Joliet Police Powers: Sources 07/06/2020
In a city known for violence, Detroit protests have not been marred by arson, looting, destruction 07/09/2020
Federal oversight forced reforms on Detroit's often violent police department 07/09/2020
BlueLeaks Hack Exposes Personal Data of 700,000 Cops 07/15/2020
Leaked Documents Show Police Knew Far-Right Extremists Were the Real Threat at Protests, not “Antifa” 07/15/2020
Cop who threatened to kill protesters shoots, kills colleague who knocked on door, affidavit says 07/14/2020
Chilling Video Shows Police Shoot, Kill TV Crewman While Filming Episode of 'COPS' 04/27/2018
Cops Who Laughed as They Killed Handcuffed, Innocent Man Granted Qualified Immunity 07/10/2020
President Obama Signs Indefinite Detention Bill Into Law | American Civil Liberties Union 12/31/2011
Evidence shows Portland police working with federal officers at protests, contradicting city officials 07/18/2020
Obama Signs NDAA Martial Law ∞ Justifying why U have no Rights? 01/02/2012
Dems' Sternly Worded Letter Won't Stop Fascism 07/20/2020
Columbus ‘paramilitary’ police with assault weapons jump out of unmarked vans to abduct protester 06/25/2020
Federal Law Enforcement Use Unmarked Vehicles To Grab Protesters Off Portland Streets 07/16/2020
From ex-cop to exile: Former police officer flees US after exposing crimes in his department 07/18/2018
Jury awards $75K to woman who sued PBSO over excessive force 01/20/2015
Arbitrator orders fired Palm Beach County sheriff’s deputy to be reinstated, possible $150,000 in back pay 04/09/2013
PBC deputy brags about roughing up people on Facebook 08/06/2009
Calls are growing to defund police in the US. Here are some lessons from overseas 06/24/2020 Many of the US police departments facing defunding calls are accused of systemic racism. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) alleges that departments in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston and Detroit reserve their most aggressive enforcement for Black people living in deprived areas.
Here's how much money goes to police departments in largest cities across the U.S. 06/26/2020
Trump’s Justice Department has a powerful tool to fight police abuse. It refuses to use it. 06/30/2020
Study finds police officers arrested 1,100 times per year, or 3 per day, nationwide 06/22/2016
These 35 cops in Wayne County have been deemed untrustworthy to testify in court 07/16/2020
Dozens of Police Officers Across San Diego County Have Been Convicted of Crimes 11/11/2020 By the time sheriff’s deputies arrived at her Imperial Beach home, Deborah Tungcab was lying motionless on the floor. During an argument in 2011, her husband, Roel Tungcab, had broken her cell phone. Through a public records request last year, two reporters from UC Berkeley’s Investigative Reporting Program obtained a list of nearly 12,000 cops and applicants who’d been found guilty of all categories of offenses, ranging from disorderly conduct to sexual assault to manslaughter. The list came from the California Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training, or POST. In response, California’s top law enforcement officer threatened to take legal action against the reporters if the list wasn’t destroyed. Attorney General Xavier Becerra said it had been released by accident, and he asserted that merely possessing a copy was illegal.
SDPD sergeant accused of soliciting minor for sex found dead from apparent suicide 08/05/2019
Officer accused of DUI apparently kills himself 09/02/2016
Officer Roel Vincente Tungcab, 39, arrested on suspicion of domestic battery 03/29/2011 Tungcab is the second San Diego police officer to be arrested this month. On March 11, traffic officer Anthony Arevalos was taken into custody on suspicion of sexual battery, false imprisonment and assault under the color of authority. ... A San Diego vice detective, Art Perea, 42, resigned from the department March 4 after being placed on unpaid leave after a college student said he raped her at an El Cajon home. Perea has not been charged, and El Cajon police said the incident continues to be investigated.
Wikipedia: Knapp Commission
Wikipedia: Mollen Commission
Check Out Patrolman P, a Tale of Corruption and Murder at the NYPD 11/20/2013
Patrolman P: Film Review 11/16/2013
A Brief History of Cops Convicted of Murder
How a Serial Killer Cop is Still on the Job 07/16/2020 Statistics show white, male officers who politically support gun rights and work in larger cities are more likely to resort to deadly force than their female counterparts, racial and ethnic minorities, and officers who work in smaller communities. Additionally, officers who are military veterans are also more likely to use deadly force as well when compared to non-veterans cops who’ve never fired their gun on duty, according to Pew. Other studies prove that cops shoot people less if they have the right training.
The man believed to have shot the son and husband of New Jersey federal Judge Esther Salas — a lawyer and anti-feminist — has died by suicide 07/20/2020
A controversial legal doctrine protects cops from misconduct lawsuits. Here's how 'qualified immunity' works. 06/08/2020
'Now Is Not the Time for More Studies': Sanders Rips Weak GOP Bill and Demands End to Police Immunity 06/18/2020
Senate passes sweeping police reform bill, limits qualified immunity protections 07/14/2020
Supreme Court Fortifies Qualified Immunity for Law Enforcement Officers in Warrant Cases 2013
